Ngā Pūrongo

01 Te Hiranga o te Mahi Whai Hua

He tokomaha te hunga, ina rongo i te kupu "ātete pānga," ka whakaaro tonu ki te kupu "pakari." Engari he aha rawa te pakari? Ki te kī māmā noa, ko te mea nui ko te kaha o te rauemi ki te whakamarara i te pūngao ina pāngia.

Ki te taea te marara pai te pūngao, ka "pakeke" te rauemi; ki te taea te kohikohi i te pūngao ki te pūwāhi kotahi, ka "pakaru".

Nā, me pēhea te tukunga atu o te pūngao e ngā pūhui? Mā roto i ngā ara e toru:

• Te nekehanga o te wāhanga mekameka: Ina pā mai he kaha o waho, ka whakamararatia te pūngao e ngā mekameka ngota mā te hurihanga o roto, te piko, me te paheke. Ka taea e ngā mekameka ngota te "karo," te piko, me te paheke;

• Te whakarerekētanga o te horahanga iti: Pērā i te rapa, ka puta te pakarukaru i roto i te anga o ngā matūriki rapa, ka mimiti i te kaha pānga. Ka taea e te hanganga ā-roto te whakarerekē, kātahi ka ora anō; 

• Ngā tikanga whakapiko me te mimiti pūngao o te pakaru: Mā te hanganga o roto o te rauemi (pērā i ngā atanga ā-wāhanga me ngā whakakī) ka whakapiko te ara horapa o te pakaru, ka whakaroa i te pakaru. I ētahi atu kupu ngāwari ake, kāore te pakaru e rere tika ana engari ka pakaru, ka whakapiko, ka whakakorekorehia mārire e te hanganga o roto.

Titiro mai, ehara te kaha o te pānga i te "kaha ki te tu atu i te pakaru," engari ko te "kaha ki te whakamarara i te pūngao mā te huri i tōna āhua."

Ka whakamārama anō hoki tēnei i tētahi āhuatanga noa: he tino kaha te kume o ētahi rauemi, ā, he ngawari te pakaru i te pānga; hei tauira, ko ngā kirihou hangarau pēnei i te PS, te PMMA, me te PLA.

Ahakoa he kaha āhua noa iho ētahi atu rauemi, ka taea e rātou te tu atu ki te pānga. Ko te take, kāore he wāhi hei "whakamarara i te kaha" o te rauemi o mua, ko te mea o muri he "whakamarara i te kaha". Ko ētahi tauira ko ngā rau me ngā tokotoko o te PA,PP, me ngā rauemi ABS.

Mai i te tirohanga mōkitokito rawa atu, ina pā wawe mai he kaha o waho, ka tino teitei te tere o te totorotanga o te pūnaha, he poto rawa, ā, kāore e taea e ngā ngota te "tauhohe" i te wā tika.

I tēnei wā, ka horahia te pūngao e ngā konganuku mā te paheke, ka tukuna te pūngao e ngā uku mā te ngatata, ko ngā pūmua ia ka mimiti i te pānga mā te nekehanga o te wāhanga mekameka, te pakaru o te here hauwai hihiri, me te whakarerekētanga taunga o ngā rohe tioata me ngā rohe kore-āhua.

Mena he nui te nekenekehanga o ngā mekameka ngota hei whakarerekē i tō rātou tū me te whakarite anō i a rātou anō i te wā, me te tohatoha pai i te pūngao, kāti he pai te mahi pānga. I tetahi atu taha, ki te tino pakari te pūnaha—ka herea te nekehanga o te wāhanga mekameka, he teitei rawa te tioata, ā, he teitei rawa te pāmahana whakawhiti karāhe—ina tae mai te kaha o waho, ka arotahi te pūngao katoa ki tētahi pūwāhi kotahi, ā, ka horapa tika te kapiti.

Nō reira, ehara te "pakeke" me te "kaha" te mea nui o te pānga, engari ko te kaha o te rauemi ki te tohatoha me te whakamarara i te pūngao i roto i te wā poto noa.

 

02 Kokoti vs. Kāore i Kokoti: Ehara i te Whakamātautau Kotahi, Engari e Rua ngā Tikanga Rahunga

Ko te "kaha pānga" e kōrerohia ana e tātou e rua ngā momo: 

• Pānga kore-kōhatu: Ka tirotirohia te "kaha whānui o te rauemi ki te horapa pūngao"; 

• Pānga whakakoi: Ka tirotirohia te "ātete o te pito pakaru".

Ko te pānga kore-kōhatu e ine ana i te kaha whānui o te rauemi ki te mimiti me te whakamarara i te kaha pānga. Ka inehia mēnā ka taea e te rauemi te mimiti i te kaha mā te paheke o te mekameka ngota, te tukunga tioata, me te whakarerekētanga āhua-rapa mai i te wā e pāngia ana e te kaha tae noa ki te pakaru. Nō reira, ko te kaute pānga kore-kōhatu teitei e tohu ana i tētahi pūnaha ngāwari, hototahi me te marara pai o te kaha.

Mā te whakamātautau pānga whakakoi ka ine i te ātete o te rauemi ki te horapa o te pakaru i raro i ngā āhuatanga kukū ahotea. Ka taea te whakaaro koinei te "manawanui o te pūnaha ki te horapa o te pakaru." Mena he kaha ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā ngota ngota, ā, ka taea e ngā wāhanga mekameka te whakarite anō i te tere, ka "whakaroa" te horapa o te pakaru, ka "whakakorehia" rānei.

Nō reira, he kaha tonu ngā taunekeneke ā-mata o ngā rauemi he ātete pānga teitei, he tikanga tohatoha pūngao rānei, pērā i ngā here hauwai i waenga i ngā here ester i roto i te polycarbonate, te tango hononga ā-mata me te whakapiko rānei i roto i ngā pūnaha whakapakeke rapa. 

Koinei anō te take e pai ai te mahi a ētahi rauemi (pēnei i te PP, PA, ABS, me te PC) i roto i ngā whakamātautau pānga kāore i te kōhao engari e whakaatu ana i te hekenga nui o te ātete pānga kōhao, e tohu ana kāore ā rātou tikanga tohatoha pūngao moroiti e mahi pai i raro i ngā āhuatanga kukū ahotea.

 

03 He aha i ātete ai ētahi rauemi ki te pānga?

Hei mārama ki tēnei, me titiro tātou ki te taumata ngota. E toru ngā āhuatanga matua e tautokona ana te ātete pānga o tētahi rauemi polymer:

1. He nekehanga herekore ngā wāhanga mekameka:

Hei tauira, i roto i te PE (UHMWPE, HDPE), TPU, me ētahi PC ngāwari, ka taea e ngā wāhanga mekameka te whakawātea i te pūngao mā roto i ngā huringa āhua i raro i te pānga. Ko te take nui o tēnei ko te mimiti pūngao e ngā nekehanga ā-roto pēnei i te totoro, te piko, me te takai i ngā hononga matū.

2. He tikanga ārai kei te hanganga ā-wāhanga: Kei roto i ngā pūnaha pēnei i a HIPS, ABS, me PA/EPDM ngā ā-wāhanga ngohengohe, ngā atanga rānei. I te pānga, ka mimiti tuatahitia te pūngao e ngā atanga, ka wetewetehia te hononga, kātahi ka honoa anō.Pērā i ngā karapu mekemeke—kāore ngā karapu e whakanui ake i te kaha, engari ka roa ake te wā ahotea, ka whakaiti hoki i te tino ahotea. 

3. Te "piripiri" i waenga i ngā ngota: Kei roto i ētahi pūnaha he hononga hauwai, he taunekeneke π–π, tae atu ki ngā taunekeneke rua-ira. Ka "patua" e ēnei taunekeneke ngoikore a rātou anō hei mimiti i te pūngao i te pānga, kātahi ka ata ora ake.

Nō reira, ka kitea e koe ko ētahi pūmua he rōpū porotaka (pērā i te PA me te PC) ka whakaputa wera nui i muri i te pānga—nā te "wera kurukuru" i hangaia e ngā irahiko me ngā ngota. 

Ki te kī māmā noa, ko te āhuatanga noa o ngā rauemi ātete-pānga ko te tere o te tohatoha i te pūngao, ā, kāore e hinga katoa i te wā kotahi.

 

KEI TUAte UHMWPE meRau HDPEHe hua kirihou hangarau ēnei, ā, he tino ātete ki ngā pānga. Hei rauemi matua i roto i ngā umanga mīhini keri me te ahumahi kawe waka, kua whakakapia e rātou te maitai waro, ā, kua noho hei whiringa pai mō ngā arai taraka me ngā arai putunga waro. 

Nā te kaha o te ātete ki ngā pānga ka tiakina rātou mai i ngā pānga mai i ngā rauemi mārō pērā i te waro, ka tiakina hoki ngā taputapu kawe. Ka whakaitihia e tēnei ngā huringa whakakapinga taputapu, ā, ka pai ake te whai huatanga o te whakaputa me te whakarite i te haumaru o ngā kaimahi.